Гос-дам уже ничем не помочь... Разве что начать переделывать заново.

с учетом того что в тройках только первые две буквы кодируют, третьи не участвуют? Это не я - папа Крик сказал, насчет третьих-то...

Нет, Петр, не увиливайте, пжалсто. Вот простое 4^2 = 16, что 20. Как быть?

Как 64 тройки из четырех букв кодируют 20 объектов, с учетом того что в тройках только первые две буквы кодируют, третьи не участвуют?

Это не я - папа Крик сказал, насчет третьих-то

так вопрос не стоит. читайте папу Крика

Папа Крик элементарно ошибсо

The main purpose of Crick's book is to describe some of his experiences before and during the classical period of molecular biology from the 1953 discovery of the DNA double helix to the 1966 elucidation of the genetic code. There is a prologue outlining Crick's upbringing, education, and war work on magnetic and acoustic mines, and following World War II his decision on what branch of science to study, using the gossip test. (Your interests are revealed by your gossip.) There is also an epilogue that outlines Crick's work after 1966, his move to the Salk Institute with his career transition to neuroscience concentrating on visual consciousness in primates, and some of his conclusions regarding research in theoretical biology, especially with regard to the brain sciences.

Crick comments on various aspects of the DNA double helix discovery and gives a qualified endorsement to the 1987 television movie Life Story with Jeff Goldblum as Jim Watson and Tim Piggott-Smith as Francis Crick. There is a clear presentation of the basic ideas of molecular biology with appendices A Brief Outline of Classical Molecular Biology and The Genetic Code. Crick give some anecdotes and explains some important ideas and insights without too much technical jargon.

Папа Крик элементарно ошибсо (если не врёте, Петр ). Как известно, на всякого мудреца довольно простоты

Покаяние Крика. На Русском

ладно, тогда пишите E=mc3

Читать надо ВСЁ у Крика.

Продолжу-ка работать со статьёй.

Но не Крика с Лагерквистом, а статьёй посвежее

Читать надо ВСЁ у Крика

Папа Крик элементарно ошибсо

Необходимо отметить, что хотя генетический код имеет некоторые закономерности - в ряде случаев именно первые два основания кодируют одну аминокислоту независимо от третьего - в его структуре не видно других очевидных закономерностей. Вполне может быть, что это просто последствия событий далекого исторического прошлого.

То, что в некоторых случаях третье основание не влияет на кодируемую аминокислоту известно и не требует привлечения.....

КРИК НЕ ОШИБСЯ - как обычно, ошибся Петр Петрович Гаряев со своим ЛВГ, продолжив фэномен Имитации Пыли.

Не в ряде случаев, а во всех кодонах.

An important point to notice is that although the genetic code has certain regularities – in several cases it is the first two bases that encode one amino acid, the nature of the third being irrelevant – its structure otherwise makes no obvious sence. It could well be that it is mainly the result of historical accidents in the distant past.

Крик признался, что молекулярные причины этого ему не известны

This is a nice example of complexity of nature produced by natural selection. It shows how easily one can be misled if one takes too straightforward a view of biological problem. Of cource, we were fortunate to have hit on the correct standard set at our first attempt. It was lucky guess and needed to be confirmed by many additional experiments. While it took some years for biochemists to do this, that our list was correct was never seriously in doubt. Although there was occasional confilicting evidence, our list has stood the test of time.

Amino acids distribution and chronological models for the recruitment into the genetic code. Factorial plane representation and species colour coding symbols are as in Figure 1. Dashed diagonal line in grey separates roughly the territory T1 ([high optimal growth temperature]-[high GC content]) from the territory T2 ([moderate optimal growth temperature]-[low GC content]), with arrow pointing from T1 to T2. Colour coding for amino-acids is following the model of Jordan et al. [9]: strong losers are orange (Glu, Gly, Ala, Pro); weak loser Lys is orange with a black outline; strong gainers are filled black (Cys, Ser, His, Phe, Met); weak gainers have black outlines (Asn, Ile, Thr, Val); all other amino acids are green. Amino acids found in Miller's experiments [14] or in the Murchison meteorite [15] are labelled with black, respectively red, crosses (the number of crosses, in each colour, follows the reported abundances for the corresponding amino acids; see Additional Table 3 in Jordan et al. [9]). Numbering of amino acids in blue is following the chronology compiled by Trifonov (Figure 1 in [10]; with possible different codon chronologies associated with a given amino acid, such as for Ser ranking 6 or 11 following the codon).

Крик признался, что молекулярные причины этого ему не известны

After I returned to England in the fall of 1956 I wrote a paper for it analyzing Gamow‘s ideas, generalizing them, and suggesting what turned out to be an important idea, the adaptor hypothesis.
The paper was called „On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis.“ The main idea was that it was very difficult to consider how DNA or RNA, in any conceivable form, could provide a direct template for the side-chains of twenty standard amino acids. What any structure was likely to have was a specific pattern of atomic groups that could form hydrogenic bounds. I therefore proposes a theory in which there were twenty adaptors (one for for each amino acid), together with twenty special enzymes. Each enzyme would join one particular amino acis to its own special adaptor. This combination would then diffuse to the RNA template. An adaptor molecule could fit in only those places on the nucleic acid template where it could form the necessary hydrogen bonds to hold it in place. Sitting there, it would have carried its amino acid to just the right place it was needed.
There were several implications of this idea. The one I want to stress here was that it meant that genetic code could have almost any structure, since its details would depend on which amino acid went with which adaptor. This had probaly been decided very early in evolution and possibly by chance. Because of this pessimistic conclusion the paper led off with a quotation from an obscure Persian writer of the eleventh century: “Is there anyone so utterly lost as he that seeks a way where is no way?“ and ended with the remark, „In the comparative isoltion of Cambridge, I must confess there are times when I have no stomach for the coding problem.“

Так что не в НЕКОТОРЫХ СЛУЧАЯХ, а во ВСЕХ кодонах третьи нуклеотиды не участвуют прямо и ОЧЕВИДНО в кодировании аминокислот и стопов,

This results are:

1. All 64 codons are used. 61 of them can be assigned to certain amino acids, the other three are stop signals. One of the codons can act both as an amino acid codon and as a start signal.
2. The different amino acids have different numbers of accompanying codons. For some, like Met or Trp exists just one codon, for others two or four and for some (Ser, Arg) even six. The frequency of the codons and the frequency of their amino acid is correlated. An exception is Arg, that has six codons but is underrated regarding its frequency in proteins.
3. The codons are not assigned randomly. The first two nucleotides of a codon have a higher informational value than the third one, GUU, GUC, GUA and GUG, for example, do all encode Val. Codons rich in UC encode hydrophobic, such rich in AG hydrophilic amino acids.

Many (nearly 30%) of all base substitutions do not change the encoding properties, for example:

UUU UUC: Phe Phe

Even if a base substitution causes an amino acid exchange is the chemical character of the side chain in most cases conserved (conservative exchanges). The genetic code can consequently be regarded as extremely conservative:

UUU UUG: Phe Leu

CUC AUC: Leu Ile

AAA AGA: Lys+ Arg+

AAA GAA: Lys+ Asp-

Exceptions exist (radical exchanges):

GAG GUG: Glu- Val

GAA GUA: Glu- Val

The last category leads usually to proteins that have lost their function or are impaired in it. Since they are subjected to selection have such mutants under natural conditions no or only reduced chances to survive.

During evolution has thus a genetic code evolved that guarantees stability and is fashioned in a way that a number of changes has no effect on the protein at all. The number of codons per amino acid, too, is not left to chance. It has already been said that frequent amino acids are encoded by several codons. But the questions what is cause and what effect remains. Without being able to answer this question exists at least a further correlation: amino acids with the costly syntheses have less codons than those where less energy is necessary for synthesis. The exception is again arginine.

Comparisons of the studies performed with the tobacco mosaic virus, micro-organisms and eucaryotic cells showed that the genetic code is universal, i. e. the assignments given in the table are the same for all living things. One exception was finally found: in animal mitochondria is the genetic information sometimes used in a deviant way due to a differing reading mechanism.

AUU: Met instead of Ile

AUA: Met instead of Ile

UGA: Trp instead of stop

AGA: stop instead of Arg

AGG: stop instead of Arg

In plant mitochondria, too, were variations found. Even species-specific differences seem to exist. In Oenothera causes UGA (TGA in DNA) a chain termination while CGG encodes Trp (W. SCHUSTER, A. BRENNICKE, 1985).